Finalization of Ecologically Sensitive Areas in the Western Ghats

Last Updated: 24-06-2026. The Centre is set to finalize the notification of Ecologically Sensitive Areas (ESA) in the Western Ghats, a significant move nearly 13 years after the first draft notification. This decision is crucial for UPSC aspirants, especially for GS Paper 3, which covers environmental conservation and biodiversity.

Key Facts About Ecologically Sensitive Areas in the Western Ghats

• Ecologically Sensitive Areas (ESA) are regions designated for protection due to their ecological fragility.
• The Madhav Gadgil Committee (2011) initially recommended extensive protection for the Western Ghats.
• The Kasturirangan Committee (2013) proposed a reduced ESA area, focusing on natural landscapes.
• Over 56,000 square kilometers across Gujarat, Maharashtra, Goa, Karnataka, Kerala, and Tamil Nadu are proposed as ESA.
• ESAs are notified under the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986.
• Restricted activities include new mining, quarrying, thermal power plants, and large construction projects.
• Permitted activities include organic farming and sustainable local livelihoods.

Ecological and Strategic Importance of the Western Ghats

The Western Ghats are a UNESCO World Heritage Site and one of the world's hottest biodiversity hotspots. They play a crucial role in India's ecological and hydrological systems, influencing monsoon patterns and feeding major rivers. Protecting these areas aligns with India's strategic goals of sustainable development and biodiversity conservation.

UPSC Relevance

• GS Paper 3: Environment and Ecology - Conservation, environmental pollution and degradation, environmental impact assessment.
• Prelims: Questions may focus on the definition and significance of ESAs, key committees like Madhav Gadgil and Kasturirangan, and legal frameworks like the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986.
• Mains: Analytical themes could include the balance between development and conservation, and the role of ESAs in climate change mitigation.
• Essay Paper: Topics on sustainable development and biodiversity conservation.

FAQ Section

• What is an Ecologically Sensitive Area (ESA)?
  ESAs are regions designated for protection due to their ecological fragility, aiming to regulate activities that could harm biodiversity and ecological balance.
• Why is the ESA notification in the Western Ghats important?
  This notification is crucial as the Western Ghats are a biodiversity hotspot and a UNESCO World Heritage Site, playing a vital role in India's ecological and hydrological systems.
• What are the key features of the proposed ESA in the Western Ghats?
  The proposed ESA covers over 56,000 square kilometers across six states, with restrictions on activities like mining and large construction, while promoting sustainable practices.