Geothermal Energy Development in India: Current Status and Potential
Key Points
India has taken a significant step in renewable energy by commissioning its first geothermal wells and notifying the National Policy on Geothermal Energy. This development is crucial for UPSC aspirants, especially for General Studies Paper 3, which covers energy and environmental issues. Last Updated: 07-09-2026
Key Facts About Geothermal Energy
- Geothermal energy is a renewable energy source derived from the Earth’s internal heat, used for electricity generation and direct heating.
- It is a steady, low-carbon energy source that supports the clean energy transition.
- Earth’s internal heat is generated through the radioactive decay of elements like uranium and thorium.
- Geothermal power plants extract hot water and steam through deep wells to drive turbines for electricity generation.
- The Geological Survey of India (GSI) has mapped 381 hot springs and identified 10 geothermal locations across the country.
- India’s theoretical geothermal resource potential is estimated at around 10.6 GW.
- The National Policy on Geothermal Energy, 2025 aims to establish geothermal energy as a major pillar of India’s renewable energy mix.
India's Geothermal Energy Potential
Geothermal energy holds macro-level significance for India as it aligns with the country's strategic goals of achieving energy security and reducing carbon emissions. With a theoretical potential of 10.6 GW, geothermal energy can significantly contribute to India's renewable energy portfolio. Internationally, India is collaborating with countries like Australia and Iceland to enhance geothermal development, aiming to replicate the success seen in leading geothermal nations such as the United States and Indonesia.
UPSC Relevance
- GS Paper 3: Energy, Environment, and Climate Change
- Prelims: Questions could focus on the definition, potential, and key facts about geothermal energy.
- Mains: Analytical themes could include the role of geothermal energy in India's renewable energy strategy and its impact on energy security.
- Essay Paper: Topics on renewable energy transitions and sustainable development.
FAQ Section
- What is geothermal energy? Geothermal energy is a renewable energy source derived from the Earth's internal heat, used for electricity generation and direct heating applications.
- Why is geothermal energy important? It is important because it provides a steady, low-carbon energy source that supports the clean energy transition and reduces dependence on fossil fuels.
- What are the key features of geothermal energy? Key features include its renewable nature, low carbon emissions, and its ability to provide a stable energy supply independent of weather conditions.
Detailed Coverage
- Geothermal energy is derived from the Earth's internal heat.
- It plays a vital role in electricity generation and direct heating.
- India's geothermal potential is estimated at 10.6 GW.
- Geological Survey of India has mapped 381 hot springs.
- Ten geothermal locations identified for development.
- Major provinces include Himalayan and Naga-Lusai.
- Advanced technologies like EGS can enhance exploration.
- Abandoned oil wells can be repurposed for geothermal use.
- The National Policy on Geothermal Energy was notified in 2025.
- Policy focuses on exploration and technology development.
- Encourages private sector participation.
- Supports research through the Renewable Energy Research and Technology Development Programme.
- International cooperation with Australia and Iceland is underway.
- Geothermal energy is key to India's Net Zero 2070 goal.
- First geothermal wells have been commissioned, showcasing commitment.