Endangered Gangetic Dolphins at Risk Due to Pollution

Gangetic Dolphins, known as the "Tiger of the Ganges," are facing a critical threat due to severe pollution and habitat loss. This matters for UPSC aspirants as it connects to GS Paper 3, focusing on environmental conservation and biodiversity. Last Updated: 2025-05-23

Key Facts About Gangetic Dolphins

• Gangetic Dolphins are known as the "Tiger of the Ganges" and are India’s National Aquatic Animal.
• They were officially discovered in 1801 and serve as indicators of river ecosystem health.
• Historically found in the Ganges-Brahmaputra-Meghna and Karnaphuli-Sangu river systems.
• Their population has declined by over 50% since 1957.
• Functionally blind, they use ultrasonic echolocation to locate prey.
• Locally referred to as 'Susu' due to their distinctive exhaling sound.
• A 2020 nationwide survey counted 6,327 river dolphins.
• Threatened by Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals (EDCs) in their food, including industrial chemicals, banned pesticides, and heavy metals.
• Additional threats include fishing gear entanglement and habitat loss.
• Protected under the IUCN as Endangered and Schedule I of the Indian Wildlife Act.
• Project Dolphin aims to conserve both marine and riverine dolphins.
• The Vikramshila Ganges Dolphin Sanctuary is India’s only dedicated dolphin sanctuary.
• National Ganga River Dolphin Day is observed on 5th October.
• Recent studies highlight severe chemical pollution risks to these dolphins.

India's Environmental Conservation Efforts

The plight of the Gangetic Dolphins underscores the broader challenge of environmental conservation in India. As a nation striving for sustainable development, protecting biodiversity is crucial for maintaining ecological balance and supporting economic growth. India's commitment to international environmental agreements and its own ambitious conservation programs reflect its strategic goals to preserve natural heritage while fostering economic progress.

Related Government Schemes/Policies

• Project Dolphin: Aims to conserve marine and riverine dolphins across India.
• Namami Gange Programme: Focuses on pollution abatement and conservation of the Ganga river ecosystem.

UPSC Relevance

• GS Paper 1: Geography - River systems and biodiversity.
• GS Paper 2: Governance - Environmental policies and conservation efforts.
• GS Paper 3: Environment - Conservation, environmental pollution, and degradation.
• Prelims: Facts about Gangetic Dolphins, Project Dolphin, and related conservation efforts.
• Mains: Analytical themes on biodiversity conservation, sustainable development, and environmental policies.

FAQ Section

• What is the Gangetic Dolphin?
  A freshwater dolphin species known as the "Tiger of the Ganges," discovered in 1801, and serves as an indicator of river health.
• Why is the Gangetic Dolphin important?
  As India's National Aquatic Animal, it plays a crucial role in the riverine ecosystem and highlights the health of the river systems.
• What are the key features of the Gangetic Dolphin?
  They are functionally blind, use echolocation to hunt, and are threatened by pollution and habitat loss, with a population decline of over 50% since 1957.