India to enact law to protect its interest in high seas, following BBNJ agreement

India is set to enact a law to protect its interests in the high seas, following the BBNJ Agreement, also known as the High Seas Treaty. This treaty, adopted in 2023, aims to safeguard ocean health by regulating pollution, conserving biodiversity, and ensuring sustainable resource use beyond national boundaries. Last Updated: 2025-09-06

Key Facts About the BBNJ Agreement

• The BBNJ Agreement was established under UNCLOS to protect high seas.
• Adopted in 2023 to curb pollution and conserve biodiversity.
• Establishes Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) for ocean conservation.
• Regulates seabed mining and fair distribution of marine resources.
• Requires Environmental Impact Assessments (EIAs) for oceanic projects.
• Supports developing nations in accessing marine technologies.
• As of August 2025, over 140 countries signed the treaty.
• India signed the treaty in 2024 but has not ratified it yet.
• High seas extend 200 nautical miles from coastlines.
• Only about 1% of high seas currently protected.
• High seas cover 64% of oceans and 50% of Earth’s surface.

India's Strategic Interests in High Seas

The high seas are crucial for India's strategic interests, as they cover 64% of the world's oceans and play a vital role in marine biodiversity and climate regulation. By enacting laws aligned with the BBNJ Agreement, India aims to secure its marine resources and contribute to global efforts in sustainable ocean management. This aligns with India's economic goals of ensuring resource security and environmental sustainability, enhancing its standing in international maritime affairs.

Related Government Schemes/Policies

• UNCLOS: Provides the legal framework for marine activities, adopted in 1982.

UPSC Relevance

• GS Paper 2: International Relations - Treaties and agreements affecting India.
• GS Paper 3: Environment - Conservation, environmental pollution, and degradation.
• Prelims Angle: Questions on the BBNJ Agreement, UNCLOS, and high seas definitions.
• Mains Angle: Analytical themes on international environmental treaties and India's maritime policies.

FAQ Section

• What is the BBNJ Agreement? The BBNJ Agreement, or High Seas Treaty, is an international treaty adopted in 2023 to protect marine biodiversity and regulate activities on the high seas.
• Why is the BBNJ Agreement important? It is crucial for conserving marine biodiversity, regulating pollution, and ensuring sustainable use of ocean resources, which are vital for global ecological balance.
• What are the key features of the BBNJ Agreement? Key features include establishing Marine Protected Areas, regulating seabed mining, conducting Environmental Impact Assessments, and supporting technology access for developing nations.